Korean (한국어)
위치어 (Position Words)
Section titled “위치어 (Position Words)”| Korean | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 뒤 | back, behind |
| 앞 | front |
| 안 | in, inside |
| 밖 | out, outside |
| 위 | on, above |
| 아래 | under, below |
| 가운데 | middle |
| 사이 | between, among |
수 관형사 (Native Korean Numbers 20-100)
Section titled “수 관형사 (Native Korean Numbers 20-100)”| 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 스물 | 서른 | 마흔 | 쉰 | 예순 | 일흔 | 여든 | 아흔 | 온 |
When used as a modifier, 스물 → 스무 (e.g., 스무 살).
Honorific Particles
Section titled “Honorific Particles”~께서 (Subject Marker - Honorific)
Section titled “~께서 (Subject Marker - Honorific)”Replaces 이/가 when the subject is someone deserving respect.
할아버지께서 신문을 읽으십니다.
~께 (To Someone - Honorific)
Section titled “~께 (To Someone - Honorific)”Replaces 에게 for elders or respected individuals.
선물을 부모님께 드렸어요.
Suggestions & Proposals
Section titled “Suggestions & Proposals”~(으)ㄹ까요? — “Shall we…?”
Section titled “~(으)ㄹ까요? — “Shall we…?””Politely suggesting an action together.
우리 영화를 볼까요?
~(으)ㅂ시다 — “Let’s…”
Section titled “~(으)ㅂ시다 — “Let’s…””Politely agreeing to a suggestion.
좋아요. 영화를 봅시다.
Asking for Confirmation
Section titled “Asking for Confirmation”~(이)지요? / ~죠 — “…right?”
Section titled “~(이)지요? / ~죠 — “…right?””Expecting agreement or confirmation.
여보세요? 거기 마리아 씨 집이지요?
Purpose / Intent
Section titled “Purpose / Intent”~(으)러 가다/오다/다니다 — “go/come to do…”
Section titled “~(으)러 가다/오다/다니다 — “go/come to do…””Present or future tense only.
약국에 약을 사러 가요.
Prohibitions
Section titled “Prohibitions”~지 말다 — “Don’t…”
Section titled “~지 말다 — “Don’t…””Negative command.
여기서 담배를 피지 마세요.
Noun Modifiers (Verb → Adjective for Nouns)
Section titled “Noun Modifiers (Verb → Adjective for Nouns)”| Tense | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Past | ~(으)ㄴ + 명사 | 먹은 음식 (food that was eaten) |
| Present | ~는 + 명사 | 먹는 음식 (food being eaten) |
| Future | ~(으)ㄹ + 명사 | 먹을 음식 (food to be eaten) |
| Adj → Noun | ~(으)ㄴ + 명사 | 예쁜 꽃 (pretty flower) |
Advanced Grammar
Section titled “Advanced Grammar”~게 되다 — “come to…”, “end up…”
Section titled “~게 되다 — “come to…”, “end up…””Describes how something happens, often by circumstance or fate.
한국에서 일하게 됐어요. (I ended up working in Korea.)
Reference: https://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/게_되다
~아/어 보이다 — “looks…”, “seems…”
Section titled “~아/어 보이다 — “looks…”, “seems…””Perception at a glance.
넌 기분이 안 좋아 보이네.
~지 그래요? — “Why don’t you…?”
Section titled “~지 그래요? — “Why don’t you…?””Stronger suggestion than ~는 게 어때요?
집에서 쉬지 그래요?
Indirect Speech (Reported Speech)
Section titled “Indirect Speech (Reported Speech)”Propositive → ~자고 하다
Section titled “Propositive → ~자고 하다”Reports suggestions. Applies to ~자, ~(으)ㅂ시다, ~(으)ㄹ까요?, etc.
같이 밥을 먹자고 했어요. (They suggested we eat together.)
Negative: ~지 말자고 하다
Imperative → ~(으)라고 하다
Section titled “Imperative → ~(으)라고 하다”Reports commands.
빨리 와라고 했어요. (They told me to come quickly.)
Negative: ~지 말라고 하다
For requests where the speaker is the receiver, use ~달라고 하다:
물을 달라고 했어요. (I asked for water.)
Interrogative → ~(으/느)냐고 하다
Section titled “Interrogative → ~(으/느)냐고 하다”Reports questions.
| Type | Pattern |
|---|---|
| Verb (present) | ~느냐고 |
| Adj (present) | ~(으)냐고 |
| Noun (present) | ~(이)냐고 |
| Past | ~았/었느냐고 |
| Future | ~(으)ㄹ 거냐고 |
Colloquially, 느 or 으 often dropped. 묻다/물어보다 can replace 하다.
불규칙 (Irregular Conjugation)
Section titled “불규칙 (Irregular Conjugation)”ㅎ 불규칙 (ㅎ Irregular)
Section titled “ㅎ 불규칙 (ㅎ Irregular)”When followed by a vowel, ㅎ is dropped and vowels merge:
| Pattern | Result |
|---|---|
| ~아/어 | ~애 (ㅎ removed) |
| ~야 | ~얘 (ㅎ removed) |
| ~(으)X | X (ㅎ removed) |
Examples:
- 노랗다 + 아요 → 노래요
- 노랗다 + (으)ㄴ → 노란
Verb Usage by Category
Section titled “Verb Usage by Category”Wearing Clothes
Section titled “Wearing Clothes”| Verb | Used for |
|---|---|
| 입다 | upper/lower body (치마, 바지, 셔츠) |
| 신다 | feet (구두, 운동화, 양말) |
| 쓰다 | head/face/hand-held (모자, 안경, 우산) |
| 매다 | tying (스카프, 넥타이) |
| 끼다 | fitting on (반지, 장갑) |
| 차다 | strapping (시계) |
| 하다 | accessories (귀걸이, 목걸이) |
| 들다 | holding (가방) |
| 메다 | over shoulder (가방) |
Useful Expressions
Section titled “Useful Expressions”| Korean | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 평소처럼 해요 | Do as usual |
| 편지를 부치다 | Send a letter |
| 비자를 연장하다 | Extend a visa |
| 우산을 가지고 가다 | Take an umbrella (with you) |
| 전화를 걸다 | Make a phone call |
| 노래를 부르다 | Sing a song |
| ~하고 닮았어요 | Resemble… |
Questions to Clarify
Section titled “Questions to Clarify”- 작다 vs 적다 — small (size) vs few (quantity)